fleckeri has caused 77 known fatal stings in the last century ( Currie, 1994, Keesing et al., 2016) and with the greatest risk of envenoming occurring in northern Australian waters from October through May, though fatalities have been recorded in every month of the year except July ( Currie, 2003). fleckeri has one of the most lethal and rapidly active venoms known ( Bailey et al., 2005, Sizemore, 1987, Tibballs, 2006 Hartwick et al., 1980). fleckeri venom-induced pathology may lead to novel treatments and possibly, the discovery of novel cell pathways, novel drug scaffolds and novel drug targets for human disease.Ĭhironex fleckeri is a large box jellyfish commonly found in Australia waters, and suspected through out the Indo Pacific region ( Fenner and Williamson, 1996, Gershwin et al., 2010, Tibballs, 2006, Lippmann et al., 2011). A more complete understanding of the mechanisms of C. fleckeri pathomechanisms and highlights current gaps in knowledge. fleckeri venom action, including new toxin classes that use pore formation, cell membrane collapse and ion channel modulation. Recent omics analysis has shed light on the systems of C. These inconsistent results are likely a consequence of the different methods used to extract venom. Experimental and combination therapies performed in vitro and in vivo have shown varied efficacy. Antivenom is available but controversy exists over its effectiveness. At present, there is no cure and opioids are used to manage pain. From clinical and animal studies, symptoms comprise severe pain, welts, scarring, hypotension, vasospasms, cardiac irregularities and cardiac arrest. A sting from this cubozoan species can kill within minutes. The large box jellyfish Chironex fleckeri is found in northern Australian waters.
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